Manioc : Portail | resultats 1 - 20 pour la recherche: Garcia, Ana M.

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

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Relations des quatre voyages entrepris par Christophe Colomb pour la découverte du Nouveau-monde de 1492 à 1504 : suivies de diverse lettres et pièces inédites extraites des archives de la monarchie espagnole : avec deux portraits de Christophe Colomb, ses armoiries, le fac simile d'une de ses lettres autographes, et deux cartes. Tome III
Auteur(s) : Fernández de Navarrete, Martín (1765-1844) Colomb, Christophe (1450?-1506)
Auteurs secondaires : Chalumeau de Verneuil, F. T. Alphonse Dezos de La Roquette, Jean-Bernard-Marie-Alexandre (1784-1868)
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Brésil. Colombie et Guyanes
Auteur(s) : Denis, Ferdinand Jean (1798-1890) Famin, César (1799-1853)
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L'histoire de l'Amérique. Tome second
Auteur(s) : Robertson, William (1721-1793)
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Histoire naturelle et morale des iles Antilles de l'Amérique : enrichie d'un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce, des places & des raretez les plus considérables, qui y sont décrites : avec un vocabulaire caraïbe
Auteur(s) : Rochefort, Charles de (1605-1683)
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Histoire généralle des Indes occidentales, et Terres-Neuves qui jusques à présent ont esté descouvertes, augmentee en ceste cinquiesme edition de la description de la nouvelle Espagne, & de la grande ville de Mexicque, autrement nommee, Tenuctilan: composee en espagnol par François Lopez de Gomara, & traduite en françois par le S. de Genillé Mart. Fumée
Auteur(s) : López de Gómara, Francisco (1511-1566)
Auteurs secondaires : Fumée Genillé, Martin (1540-1590)
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Etats de population, de cultures et de commerce des colonies françaises, pour 1837, et des établissements français dans l'Inde pour 1836
Auteur(s) : France. Ministère de la marine et des colonies (1790-1893)
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